Characteristics of the Prophet Mohammad Essay

People admire a public figure for his or her characteristics and notable works. That person becomes a role model, and his or her characteristics become a legacy that the next generation will honor and praise. In particular, Prophet Mohammad is a remarkable person for Muslims and for other people as well because of his compassion, grace, politeness, grace, humility and respect for others. At one time, Mohammad was considered as the most influential and spiritual leader in the whole world. He was considered influential because Mohammad promoted his life from a shepherd towards being a prophet because of his spiritual power bested by Allah. Mohammad became the founder of one of the greatest religions. In addition to this, he became one of the greatest political leaders in the world. In the Islamic world, Mohammad is always being looked up to, and Muslims believe that he was the messenger from Allah himself (Hart). The prophet Mohammad possessed characteristics that have set him apart from other great leaders. Mohammad referred to himself as an apostle that Allah sent to the world to â€Å"demonstrate perfection of character, refinement of manners and loftiness of deportment. † Many people say that Mohammad is the embodiment of someone who possessed a gentle and kind-hearted nature (Ghani). He is also noted for being compassionate to those he met throughout his life. This quality of Mohammad was a great force which affected those who believed in him. In fact, they strived to memorize everything that Mohammad said because they loved and respected him. Even until today, many people are familiar with Mohammad’s words. His followers can still remember and recount Mohammad’s words, relics and memoirs. Another characteristic of Mohammad is his being lovable. Some people compared Mohammad to Moses and Jesus, who were also loved and respected by people. Along with being loveable, Mohammad possessed the kind of greatness which inspired fear and awe. Moreover, during his time, no one or nothing could separate the people from their prophet (Shariati). Mohammad was also described as gracious, polite, courteous, simple and humble. He was also sympathetic and sincere and overlooked the faults of other people. When it comes to justice, Mohammad could be severe and resolute, but his being severe was balanced with his generosity. His charming characteristic has attracted many followers, causing them to become devoted to their prophet (Ghani). With regards to this, there was an event which showed how influential he could be. There was a particular tribe in Arabia who was known for having fierce warriors. These were the Bedouin tribesmen, and they were not united. And since their number was small, they could not be matched for the other more powerful and larger armies from other kingdoms. But Mohammad was able to unite them, and they also came to believe in the presence of one true God. After this, they embarked on one of the most notable conquests in history, conquering empires and armies (Hart). Furthermore, Mohammad was said to be respectful and courteous to others. He believed that when someone honors an old man, he respects Allah. Mohammad was courteous even to those who were not pleasing for Allah. Many could also attest to the fact that Mohammad treated all of his people equally. He spent time visiting the poor and the sick and advised other Muslims to do the same. In addition, he was not biased; he invited anyone, regardless of status or race, to share with him his food (Ghani). History also says that Mohammad engaged himself in doing household work. This shows that Mohammad did not look down on the menial work of other people. In fact, there were times when he would sweep the floor and mend his clothes and feed his animals (Ghani). The prophet Mohammad was Muslim’s messenger from Allah. He possessed characteristics which became a model for other people. Being compassionate, loveable, gracious, polite, humble, respectful and his equal treatment for the people became the characteristics that made people follow his words and footsteps.

Aids Funding For Africa And Other Countries

The HIV/AIDS epidemic is a serious problem besetting the whole world. However, there is no other region in the world that could equal the sheer number and severity of the AIDS problem in Africa. The situation of AIDS victims in the region makes Africa deserving of help from the more fortunate nations in the world that are not hit as badly as the Africans, such as the United States.There are basically three reasons underlying Africa’s need for funding from other states. First, the number of AIDS victims in Africa is staggering. This reason alone is sufficient to arouse from people a compulsion to help. Basic notions of humanity and compassion dictate that those who are better situated and are able to help provide whatever assistance they can to those in need.Second, the situation in Africa is getting worse, not only for those who are actually afflicted by the disease, but also for their children. There is a growing number of orphans in Africa who desperately need help because t hey lost their parents to AIDS.Third, Africa is in no shape to solve this problem on its own. Almost all its countries are weighed down by the disease; and they have no resources to fund research on, and treatment of, the disease.Main BodyThe African SituationAfrica is the region most badly hit by the AIDS phenomenon. Compared to the number of victims in the United States, which only reached a little over 1 million in the year 2003 (A Glance, 2006), the number in Sub-Saharan Africa reached about 25 million at the end of 2005.Worse, it is approximated that about 2.7 million more infections occurred during that year. The number of deaths in the region is also devastating, reaching a total of about 2 million in the same year. (Kanabus & Fredriksson-Bass, 2006).The prevalence rates of HIV vary among the countries in Africa. Some are very much higher than others.   Among the countries that have the lowest prevalence rate are Somalia and Senegal, which is under 1% of the adult populatio n.Another country with relatively low prevalence rate is Nigeria, despite its being the country with the highest population in Sub-Saharan Africa, with only 3.9% in 2005. However, numbers are creeping up in the said country, as already â€Å"around 2.9 million Nigerians are estimated to be living with HIV.†On the other side of the spectrum, Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland and Zimbabwe registered the highest adult HIV prevalence rates, reaching 24.1%, 23.2%, 33.4% and 20.1%, repectively. (Kanabus & Fredriksson-Bass, 2006).AIDS OrphansAnother grave problem facing Africa today is the number of children who are being orphaned because of AIDS. Although the whole world shares the weight of the 15 million children below 18 who have lost a parent to AIDS, Africa is again the region most badly hit by the situation.Africa is home to more than 12 million of these orphaned children, and it is predicted that this number will reach approximately 15.7 million by the year 2010 in Sub-Saharan Af rica alone.The gravity of the situation in Sub-Saharan Africa, where â€Å"children who have been orphaned by AIDS comprise half or more of all orphans nationally,† is manifested in the mere number of children who have been orphaned in 2005. (AIDS Orphans).South Africa has the most number of AIDS orphans, with 1,200,000 of them in 2005, while Malawi has the lowest population of orphans, with only 550,000. It would be noted that this smallest population of orphans of 550,000 is still a lot, and this in no way implies that the problem is less pressing in Malawi. (AIDS Orphans).The biggest crisis involving AIDS orphans consist in the emotional impact of deaths of their parents on the children. Negative changes are sure to be experienced, such as emotional neglect and trauma, occurring long before they are actually orphaned.For example, studies in Uganda show that high levels of psychological distress, manifested by feelings of anxiety, depression and anger, are common children w ho have been orphaned by AIDS. More fundamentally, the loss of a parent can lead to the subsequent loss of basic needs, such as food, shelter and education.Foreign FundingThe situation in Africa can be improved through the support of other countries and world organizations, particularly in funding. Africa has no sufficient resources to support anti-AIDS campaign on its own. Money, infrastructures and human resources are needed to form an effective HIV prevention and treatment program in the region.Unfortunately, these factors are not sufficiently developed in Africa. Therefore, foreign funding plays an important role in helping Africa combat its problem of AIDS. (Kanabus & Fredriksson-Bass, 2006).Funding to low-income countries, such as Africa, is sourced from only four streams: donations from national governments, major multilateral funding organizations, the private sector and domestic spending. With the other streams being unavailable, donations from foreign governments remain th e only viable source of resources for Africa.The United States is one of the biggest providers of funds in the fight against AIIDS. The American initiative consists mainly of the PEPFAR, or the President's Emergency Plan For AIDS Relief, which is a five-year commitment to donate $15 million to regions that are heavily beset by the AIDS epidemic. (Funding the Fight).ConclusionAfrica is the country that is most hit by the AIDS epidemic. The devastating effects of the said disease have led to other problems such as the psychological trauma caused on children who have been orphaned because of AIDS, who are growing in number through the years.With Africa lacking in much-needed resources, foreign funding from rich countries, such as the United States, remain its only hope in dealing with, and combating this deadly disease.ReferencesA Glance at the HIV/AIDS Epidemic. (2006). Retrieved December 1, 2006, from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/facts heets/At-A-Glance.htmAIDS Orphans. Retrieved December 1, 2006, from http://www.avert.org/aidsorphans.htmFunding the Fight Against AIDS. Retrieved December 1, 2006, from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.avert.org/aidsmoney.htmKanabus, A. & Fredriksson-Bass, J. (2006). HIV & AIDS in Africa. Pembrey, G. Ed. Retrieved   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   December 1, 2006, from http://www.avert.org/aafrica.htma

Analysis of Sociologically Relevant Film: Forrest Gump Essay

â€Å"The world will never be the same once you’ve seen it through the eyes of†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Forrest Gump: a film chronicling the life of a mentally challenged man present during three of the most distinctive and dynamic decades in American history. While on the surface lies a heartwarming and inspirational story, the underlying narrative tends to explore progression of American society while depoliticizing history. Throughout the film Forrest is directly involved in major events of the 60s, 70s, and 80s, yet he never shows any initiative of his own. What is the filmmaker trying to insinuate? Sociological analysis An understanding of Forrest’s background in an important and characterizing element in the film. Disadvantaged by a terrible spine condition and a low IQ, Forrest struggles through childhood in small-minded Greenbow, Alabama. Due to his mental disabilities, Forrest becomes the victim of academic discrimination, which his mother fights desperately to resolve. â€Å"He might be a bit on the slow side, but my boy Forrest is going to get the same opportunities as everyone else,† she stated to the principal of Greenbow County Central School. â€Å"He’s not going to some special school to learn to how to re-tread tires.† (Gump 1995) Forrest’s mother was determined. Taking advantage of this, the principal coerced Forrest’s mother into trading a sexual favor for enrollment in school. In addition to these unsettling events, Forrest finds himself tormented and isolated by neighborhood children and townspeople who seem incapable of treating him with any thing but reproach and disdain. Forrest was also an active part of many important events, including protests lead by George Wallace against desegregation, the Vietnam War, the Ping Pong Diplomacy period, anti-war activism lead by Abbie Hoffman, Black Panther Party meetings, and the Watergate scandal. It would be reasonable to say that being part of such important events and would make him vulnerable to the social forces of the times, yet his lack of critical thought as a result of low intelligence seemed to indicate the complete opposite– he remained wholly oblivious and ignorant of their significance. During George Wallace’s â€Å"Stand in the Schoolhouse Door† protest, Forrest stands curiously in the background, more interested in his surroundings rather than the actual protest. During the Vietnam War, Forrest never questions the morality or the agenda of the U.S. government, and receives the Congressional Medal of Honor for his efforts. His entire experience during the Vietnam War can be summed up into one conversation between him and the Drill Sergeant: â€Å"Gump! What’s your sole purpose in this Army?† â€Å"To do whatever you tell me, Drill Sergeant!† (Gump 1995) Still, the most dismaying portion of impassive responses glorified in this film can be contributed to Forrest’s careless involvement in the anti-Vietnam War rally lead by Abbie Hoffman. He was entirely clueless as to the purpose of the anti-war movements. His view of Abbie Hoffman’s role? â€Å"There was this man, giving a little talk†¦ And every time he said th e â€Å"F† word, people, for some reason, well, they’d cheer.† Though the focus of the film is directed towards Forrest Gump, the effects of social forces are most often expressed and implied through Jenny Curran. Forrest’s generally unobservant nature contrasts harshly with Jenny’s forthright and independent character. Without Jenny, we would have a collectively unrealistic and uncertain portrayal of many occurrences that contributed to the structure of today’s society. Unlike Forrest, Jenny was consciously and intentionally involved in the counterculture movements of the 60’s, as she is seen trailing the countryside with fellow â€Å"hippies,† participating in anti-war movements, and secretly involving herself in Black Panther Party meetings. Before Jenny sets off on what turns out to be downward spiral towards debasement, she speaks to Forrest of her motives. â€Å"†¦I want to reach people on a personal level. I want to be able to say things, just one-to-one.† (Gump 1995) However, Jenny’s plans for a better society are brought to a staggering halt when Jenny develops a fatal disease stemming from precarious drug use. Conclusion Although Tom Hanks (Star in Forrest Gump) affirms that the film was â€Å"non-political and thus non-judgmental,† the previous examples show implications otherwise. Though the film does take a stand against disability discrimination by shedding some light on the difficulties that accompany being handicap during a callous time in American history, it’s motives were generally ambiguous and unclear. Based on the filmmakers unattractive outlook on counterculturalism, his lack of discretion when touching on issues like desegregation and independence, as well as his insensitive approach to the deaths of activists, we can arrive at the following conclusion: the harrowing experiences exposed in this film can be easily discarded as something warranted only by devoted individuals who attempt to foster humanity.

Encryptions Essay

In this report I have discussed that the encryption technology is necessary for citizens to protect their privacy and security when using computer networks. Otherwise, medical records, credit card numbers, trade secrets, as well as personal communications relayed over computer networks are not safe from prying eyes. Also I have presented an arguments in favor of encryption that it offers a method of denying access to adversaries, improves security by protecting against spoofing, offers a device for recovering costs plus imposing fees and protects private DGPS providers from government competition. Furthermore I have also explained some arguments against encryption that to put into practice it would potentially weaken U. S. leadership in GPS by encouraging international augmentations that lacked encryption, need a multifaceted key management infrastructure, need a major redesign and development endeavor, causing delays and escalating costs to the government, make innovative safety risks if the key management system failed, mainly in an emergency. Thus the transaction costs imposed by encryption would have to be balanced against the benefits expected. Introduction Encryption software enciphers data sent over computer networks, in order that merely people with special information for instance a secret key can read the plaintext of the message. The key is a string of numbers. The longer the string, the harder it is to break. In January 2000 the Department of Commerce announced new encryption export policy. Under the new system, U. S. companies may export any encryption product around the world to private-sector end users or commercial firms after a one-time technical review. Encryption products that the Bureau of Export Administration (BXA) determines fall into the category of â€Å"retail encryption commodities and software† can be exported to anyone. In determining which products fit the meaning, the BXA will think about the product’s function, sales volume, plus distribution methods. Publicly available source code may be exported with no technical review. The relaxation of export controls on products planned for e-commerce merchants, financial institutions, and others is a step in the right direction. However problems remain. First, the â€Å"publicly available† or â€Å"sales volume† tests doom U. S. companies to lag behind foreign cryptographers in offering innovative encryption products. No pioneer product is so far â€Å"publicly available† or has a large sales volume. The revised encryption rules therefore still permit foreign cryptographers to take the lead in developing new crypto products. Second, any encryption products have to be submitted for a technical review before release. This means that encryption will not be built into most mass-market products. For instance, it would make sense to construct an encryption option into a standard e-mail program. However, building encryption into an e-mail program would mean that the e-mail program could not be exported without a long, uncertain technical review. To stay away from the technical review, companies are probable to leave out the encryption function. Network security will carry on to suffer for the reason that encryption will not be built into mass-market products like e-mail or word processing programs. Third, the condition that encryption products be submitted for review before release violates the First Amendment. In April 2000 the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals established that encryption source code is speech protected by the First Amendment. The obligation that encryption products be reviewed prior to release is a â€Å"prior restraint† on speech. Those problems with encryption export controls are extensively recognized. The alternatives to the controls, though, have barely been examined, with the exception of â€Å"key escrow,† or â€Å"key recovery. † Mainly, it is wrong to bar anyone from using nonescrow encryption to communicate when he has done nothing wrong. Demands for obligatory key escrow constitute an unparalleled power grab on the part of law enforcement officials. The police have always had the right, restricted by the Fourth Amendment, to intercept private communications and read them, if they could. The police have never had the right to demand that people change the language in which they communicate to make themselves easier to understand. There are further alternatives to encryption regulations for law enforcement. They comprise increased use of informants and other surveillance technologies for instance the planting of physical bugs or devices such as Tempest, which allows law enforcement to read the screen of a computer through walls or doors. Encryption export controls must be lifted without qualification. GPS-related cryptographic A GPS-related cryptographic system can be used for two reasons: denial of the signal to unauthorized users, as well as protection of the message itself to, prevent alterations or the creation of a substitute message. The former makes a vital portion of the message unavailable to non-authorized users. In military schemes preservation of a one-sided advantage may be of interest; in a commercial setting the capability to eliminate nonpaying users is essential to collect revenue. Authenticating the message through use of an encrypted signature block that may both authenticate the sender of the message and confirm the contents is consistent with application in the civil government sector, where making sure integrity of the message is significant. In a DGPS context, encryption might be inserted at one of several points in the transmission of the signal to the user. Encryption may defend the uplink in a satellite relay, the original messages to the satellite, also the command functions on the satellite. Or encryption might protect the signature region of a message that points out its authenticity and the integrity of the main message payload. A third option might be to encrypt the complete message. Other variants comprise encrypting merely selective portions of the message. Throughout the hearing, there was disagreement over how multifaceted the key management infrastructure needed to be. The underlying policy question was how protected and dependable the encryption must be. As Dr. Denning put it, â€Å"in any encryption, something must remain secret. † (Bruce Schnier, 1994). For some proprietary algorithms, no keys need to be distributed, and this is generally adequate for commercial systems for instance cable TV and the DGPS providers. If an open algorithm is used, keys and a related key management system are required to gain international acceptance. The desired future of electronic, over-the-air rekeying is not yet here. In the case of military systems, both keys as well as classified algorithms are used. There are a number of technical approaches that might be taken to encrypting the signals for local- and wide-area DGPS applications using private-key and Public-key encryption schemes. A few schemes involve over-the-air â€Å"rekeying† devices to enable/disable the capability of specific units to receive messages. Other schemes involve comparatively simple authentication mechanisms that would not have to be tied to individual units and would depend on the capability to avert alteration or forging of a message. As one would think, trying to deny signals to end-users is an involved process from the point of view of managing keys and of keeping track of which unit belongs to which person or group. Nonetheless, if the goal is to permit control of the use of a signal rather than, say, prevention of reception of the signal by cutting of transmissions in a given area, then one is forced to these more elaborate schemes. (Simon Garfinkel, 1995) The objective of encryption must be decided before selecting a particular approach. If the main goal is authenticating the message and preventing false messages, there is no need to go to the expense and intricacy of a system that refutes the fundamental message by encrypting the entire message stream. If encrypting the stream in the future is desired, it may be appropriate to use a more complicated scheme as long as the possible future benefits are expected to offset related costs and possible opposition. The intricacy of denial-focused approaches plus the apparition of selectively controlling the signal will make incentives for alternative standards and systems outside of U. S. control.

From the Great Wall to the Pyramids

The Great Wall of China and the Egyptian Pyramids are both Manmade Wonders of the World and belong to two of the oldest civilizations. Ancient Egypt and ancient China both have history that date back over 4,000 years ago, and though the two civilizations co-existed simultaneously with one another, there were little contact between the two. Yet apart from some underlying differences, there are many similarities between the two cultures as is highlighted when examining the Analects and The Book of the Dead.On the surface, the social behavior and values emphasized in the Analects and The Book of the Dead resemble one another; however, upon closer examination it becomes apparent that the origin and purpose behind the actions different greatly. The purpose of the two literatures contrast due to the lifestyles and beliefs that were held during each of the corresponding civilizations. Though the texts preach similar values and achieve similar results in terms of human behavior, the factor t hat ignited the creation of these two historical pieces differ tremendously.The Analects was written by Confucius, also known as Kong Zi, who resided during the Era of Warring State, which was a sub-period of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. This was a time of disunity and power struggle where the empire was divided into areas controlled feudal lords who desired to expand their land by conquering weaker neighboring states. In the midst of this, philosophies of humanity and order began to blossom, as people began to grow tiresome of the constant wars and chaos. Confucius emphasizes that, â€Å"If they [riches and honor] cannot be obtained in the proper way, they should not be held†(p. ). These philosophies flourished as people began wanting reforms towards a harmonious life. Confucianism contributed to the downfall of the Zhou Dynasty, bringing in new values and social behaviors to the civilization. The Book of the Dead, on the other hand, formed due to the Egyptians emphasis of the afterlife. The Ancient Egyptian society was centered on the Nile River that provided fertile soil for the Egyptians to be able to survive. They believed that this â€Å"gift† from the Nile was from the gods when the people found favor with them.To maintain the positive relationship with the Gods, and to insure a favorable afterlife, The Book of the Dead was created as a guide for the dead to pass over to the next life. A contrast can be drawn in what stemmed the creation for each of these texts. The Analects was created to bring about change in the Chinese Civilization while the Book of the Dead was designed to further the positive relationship Egyptian people had with the Gods. . Though the two texts have varying origins, similar values are emphasized throughout the two historical texts and the civilization as a whole.The Egyptian word â€Å"maat† is an important term in the Egyptian society and is seen throughout the Book of the Dead. It signifies not just truth, but also balance, justice, and order. The people are required â€Å"live on maat, and feed on maat† (p. 3), which further reveals that the people’s life revolve around order and truth. In a similar fashion, Confucius also emphasizes the revolving order of truth, education, and justice. In the Analects, Confucius instructs man to â€Å"recompense injury with justice, and recompense kindness with kindness†, an obvious dedication to not only justice and equality, but also sympathy.Further, Confucius reinforces that â€Å"the object of the superior man is truth, not food. † Similarly, the same parallel exists between the justice and equality aspect of the Analects and the â€Å"maat†, the order and truth, found in the Book of the Dead. Thus, the values conveyed in the Book of the Dead, for motivational purposes for a â€Å"good† afterlife, mirror the ones found in the Analects, as the common Chinese civilization also take to heart said values for t he benefit of society overall and to improve their current circumstances.Therefore, although there is a difference in origin and intention abiding by such values, it is hard to avoid the fact that the common values and social rules revolving around both civilizations’ societies closely resemble one another. Though the messages revealed in the two historical texts are similar, how the same objective is delivered differs, which in turn also affects the people’s lifestyle. The Book of the Dead provides of list of actions that must and must not be done, as it serves as a checklist of things the Egyptians must do before death such as, â€Å"I have not caused pain, I have cause no man to hunger, I have made no one weep.. (p. 1). The Analects instead provides words of wisdom and guidance for the people when making the decision like, â€Å"What you do not want done to yourself, do not to do others† (p. 1). This empowers the people to make the decision and to find what it right and wrong. Another factor that further emphasis the difference in what motivates the people to conduct good behavior is education. Confucianism seeks to emphasize the importance of education and provide the genesis of the concept of morality.In other words, the priority and heavy emphasis given to education by Confucianism exists to enable the education of right from wrong, and it is their belief that only through such truth and knowledge can one be conscious of choosing right over wrong. As an extension of that philosophy, Confucianism also argues that to know the ethics between right and wrong is essentially useless without applying and acting upon it. In contrast, the Book of the Dead doesn’t emphasize such an innate and acute developed sense of morality and ethics, and instead, dictates several rules of what to do and what not to do.The mystery or education needed to identify right from wrong is not necessary, and practically doesn’t exist, and instead a s imple adherence to discipline and obedience is the true test of their morality. In other words, the Egyptians did not place an emphasis of conscience or the development of ethics and morality, but instead places a greater emphasis on structured obedience, abiding by the rules stated in the Book of the Dead. All in all, it is no surprise that the two ancient civilizations live completely dissimilar lifestyles with contrasting beliefs, as they were isolated from one another.As the two began developing their culture, it is interesting to point out that their values and favored social conduct behavior ultimately became quite parallel. The emphasis in harmony, truth, and social order would not be prevalent in other societies, yet are in both the ancient Egyptians and the ancient Chinese civilizations. And yet, it is no doubt that their beliefs of the afterlife and motivation for following such conduct differs tremendously and is what gives each civilization their unique culture.

Nursing research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Nursing research - Essay Example In addition, the span that mothers breastfeed their children were not consistence with the proposed mandatory six-month period with research indicating that some mothers even stopped breastfeeding after only eight weeks (Heaman, 2006). It is important to solve the problem of inappropriate breastfeeding tendencies due to the important role played by breastfeeding milk. Gartner (2005) noted, â€Å"Exclusive breastfeeding is sufficient to support optimal growth and development for approximately the first six months of life† (as cited in Crenshaw, 2005, p.15). In contrast, supplements that mothers used do not provide sufficient support for an infant’s growth. A breastfeeding education program that will include a protocol to follow while breastfeeding, a resource guide, and presentations that were educational in nature is the essential program to use in order to improve on these breastfeeding tendencies. In line with this, the objective of this program is to influence the knowledge, comfort levels, and change the attitudes of nurses towards breastfeeding in order to ensure that postpartum mothers engaged in exclusive breastfeeding. As previously mentioned, nurses play a significant role in the antenatal care with their impact directing the approaches that mothers take to bring-up their children. Hence, inappropriate breastfeeding tendencies originate from the nurses who were responsible for the mother and the infant child after birth. Hence, this education program will change the nurses’ attitudes and help the nurses to realize the importance of helping mothers engage in appropriate breastfeeding tendencies. Through providing a resource guide and presentations that were educational in nature, the resources will provide nurses with the ideal skills and knowledge for the approaches to use to influence appropriate breastfeeding tendencies in mothers. The solution will involve enacting an educational program that included all medical facilities that

Historical Background that Led to the Eighth Amendment Coursework

Historical Background that Led to the Eighth Amendment - Coursework Example It later became a theme of the U.S. Supreme Court Eighth Amendment discussion about normal penalties collectively forced in an undue and unprecedented way. Why the Eighth Amendment Has Not Been Fully Incorporated The Eighth Amendment has not been fully incorporated since it was only applied as a clause to the states when a suitable case challenging the state's contravention of that clause is formally requested for review. Moreover, the Supreme Court makes use of the principle of selective incorporation when it comes to applying the Bill of Rights to the given states (Harr, Hess and Orthman 420). What was considered initially was the cruelty when it comes to method of punishment, and not the ban of excessive punishments. The reason being that it is hard to ascertain the level at which the court can be able to tell between the permissible from that considered as cruel or unusual, bearing in mind that the Bill of Rights is a pronouncement of universal principles aimed at presiding over the social order of freemen (Harr, Hess and Orthman 397). ... Secondly, the appellate court may possibly not be able to handle disputes to bail quicker than trial courts are able to hear the case, and as a result this renders it moot or hard for trial prior to review (Harr, Hess and Orthman 400). How Bail Can Be Assured For Those Accused of Crimes The right to bail can be assumed through case law and statutory law. Hence, the Bail Reform Act of 1984 provides the judicial authority to comprise definite conditions for granting bail based on community safety or otherwise the risk of the individual not appearing for trial (Harr, Hess and Orthman 398). This is in view of the fact that the pretrial detention should not violate due process or the eight amendment. For this reason, when the only asserted interest is to warrant that the accused will stand trial and give in to sentence when found guilty, then in that case bail should be handed by the court at an amount designed to make certain that objective and no more. Notably, the legislature rather th an the constitution is the actual framer of bail law. The Federal law defines that every noncapital offenses is bailable, but in capital offenses the decision to hold a suspect prior to a trial is left up to the judge (Harr, Hess and Orthman 400). The state courts assure bails for those accused of crime based on the excessive bail provisions within the state constitution or else through legislation and case law, however, the constitution only bars excessive bail (Harr, Hess and Orthman 401). Basic Need for Bail Bail seeks to serve two needs. Firstly, bail seeks to uphold the presumption of innocence by permitting the person not yet convicted to avoid continued incarceration. Secondly, bail seeks to

Community Sports Projects and Effective Community Empowerment Essay

Community Sports Projects and Effective Community Empowerment - Essay Example Additionally, an action research approach was used in this research revealing the insights into the effective community empowerment that was attributed to sports projects that were introduced in the community by the Rochdale federation. The use of these two approaches created a great advantage for the study (Partington & Totten, 2012). This is because it allowed the researchers to collect insightful and rich data, as well as, empower the tenants from social housing estate about having their thoughts and opinions, as well as, experiences in relation to RCS acted upon in their decision.   The collection tools used in this research include participant observation and in-depth interviews in the community. These data collection methods allowed the triangulation of data, as well as, crosschecking of the existence of common phenomena and theory across all research methods. In terms of data, the researchers collected both primary and secondary data, which was used to create results, and findings that help conclude on the relevance of sports in Rochdale community. The participants in the research were the tenants and residents of the Rochdale Federation of the Tenants and Residents Association. There were was no specific number of the participants as the researcher used participant observation and interviews to carry out the research. Therefore, there were no inclusion or exclusion criteria used in sampling, as the method used for sampling was random to ensure that there was no bias in the selection of the participants.   The research findings established that that engaging community in sports empowered them through citizen participation (Partington & Totten, 2012). The research further established that the tenants endorsed the sports approach as they felt consulted and involved in the decision making the process that allowed them to access support.  

Communuication Ethics, and Society Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Communuication Ethics, and Society - Assignment Example One level of the debate, this is not surprising as a large section of the audience enjoy viewing shows touching on career perhaps owing to the frequently glamorized and unrealistic images (Sayre & King, 2010). Television impact on individuals can be significant, especially on individuals’ expectations and beliefs about the world. Research on TV shows such as Grey’s Anatomy indicates there are plenty of negative representations on aspects such as unprofessional behavior, gender stereotypes, and sole highlight on doctors while obscuring other professionals. There are numerous examples of unethical behaviors depicted on the shows, especially centring on topics such as confidentiality, informed consent, and misconduct (Gordon, et al., 2011). According to past research, the audience may be tempted to forecast doom for the medical profession and arrive at conclusions that doctors within the real hospital setting are likely to mimic the unethical behaviors depicted on the onscreen. The audience should be critical and skeptical of the TV shows and should not allow the shows to have significant influence on ethical issues (Sayre & King, 2010). This emanates from the perception that the audience is not merely passive consumers of media content. This does not translate to the notion that the programs should be taken as irrelevant or

The Rotana Hotels Management Corporation Research Paper

The Rotana Hotels Management Corporation - Research Paper Example Recommendations based on the Operations Management are given at the end of the report. The Rotana Hotels Management Corporation known as the Rotana Hotels’ basic philosophy is that ‘hospitality is a fine art. There is no way it can be learned; it has to be a way of life.’ Even though it is very simple, yet it clearly illustrates the fact that the aspect of hospitality is a part of every level of the organization and is the basic foundation to its standards. The Rotana Hotels Management Corporation known as the Rotana Hotels, one of the leading hotel management companies in the Middle East, was established in 1992, by a partnership between Nasser Al Nowais and Selim El Zyr, who were joined three years later by Nael Hashweh and Imad Elias. The Rotana Hotels Management Corporation started its operation as Rotana hotel in 1993 in Abu Dhabi. â€Å"Our vision is to be the Leading and Preferred Hospitality Management Company within the Middle East, operating Hotels, Suites, and Resorts. We have the expertise, the passion and the competitive strength to achieve this goal†. â€Å"We will identify and exceed the expectations of our Guests, Staff, and Owners through innovative and creative solutions, combined with personalized care to gain their loyalty. We will constantly maintain International quality standards complemented with traditional Arabic Hospitality†. The forecasting for hiring new staff at Rotana Hotels mainly depends on the increase in the number of branches or new extensions. This indicates that if Rotana Hotels is extending its existing operations then they would work on recruiting or promoting previous staff for the new positions available. Forecasting demand: According to the requirements of the operations and making use  of the trend analysis based on previous information regarding the experienced occupancy, Rotana Hotels is able to forecast the forthcoming needs of employment in every aspect by using both bottoms-up forecasting and to down forecasting.

Environmental Factors Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Environmental Factors Paper - Essay Example Toyota is one of the world’s leading car manufacturing companies which produce and market more than 8 million cars every year. It has a global presence with manufacturing units in more than 27 countries and vehicles sold in more than 170 countries and regions (Toyota, 2010). This paper discusses how various environmental factors affect the marketing decisions of Toyota. Influence of global economic interdependence and the impact of trade practices and agreements It is quite important that Toyota understand the importance of economic interdependence and the impact of trade practices since the current economic situation calls all the countries in the world to be highly interdependent. Toyota can efficiently procure the vehicle parts from specific countries and strategically increase the market share in the countries where they do business. On May 2009, Toyota reported a record loss of $4.2 billion due to the global financial crisis. This shows that the performance of the firm is highly related to global economic conditions. Differences in tariffs, taxes and trade agreements between different countries need to be considered while pricing the products. A high import duty will make a country less attractive to do business with. On the other hand a subsidy on international trade will make a country more attractive to trade. Importance of demographics and physical infrastructure Demographics and physical infrastructure are both macro environmental factors that affect the marketing decision of any firm. The marketing decisions of Toyota are shaped by the demographic factors of human population such as size, location, gender, occupation, race, etc. For example, Toyota cannot supply vehicles to a location where it does not get a cost advantage. So it has to decide on the feasibility of opening a manufacturing unit in that location if the consumer demand is high. The demographic environment can also be classified on the basis of generations. They are Baby Boomers, Generation X and Generation Y. The needs and aspirations of these different generations are different in the form of vehicle design, performance, mileage, pricing etc. Promotional measures should also be made in order to give the right appeal for each of these segments. Physical infrastructure also plays a major role in designing the marketing decisions of Toyota. The vehicles marketed in one country may not be apt for some other countries due to the infrastructure those countries have. In such cases, there needs to be a structural redesign on the vehicle before it can be marketed to such countries. Also the availability of good physical infrastructure will help determine whether it is beneficial to open up manufacturing units for reasons of easy availability of energy, water supply, telecommunication facility, etc. Influence of Cultural Differences Toyota has over the years developed an image of trust and value among the minds of the customers. The marketing strategies will be aime d at making people associate themselves with these qualities in order to affect their purchase decision. People perceive Toyota as a lifestyle brand in some countries whereas in some other countries they consider it as a quality brand. It is the ability of the marketing department that enables Toyota to position the vehicles in the minds of the

Course Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Course - Assignment Example Dr. Deming was a very instrumental figure in the production of quality products from Japan owing to his broad knowledge base, experience, and lectures across Japan. Initially, the award was aimed at awarding and recognizing the prowess of Japanese firms in matters regarding quality assurance. It is, however, through the expansive approach and management by the Japanese Union of Scientists and Engineers (JUSE) that the award started to incorporate companies from outside Japan. JUSE is the principal sponsor of the annual award across the globe. Structurally, the Deming Prize focuses on quality control exhibited by various companies and individuals. This includes; policy formulation, quality effects, collection and use of significant information, standardizing, futuristic planning, quality assurance, and the adequate training on matters surrounding quality. By availability, the award recognizes both individuals and companies who excel in the clusters mentioned above on an annual basis. Noteworthy, the award has no limits to the number of times that an individual or company can win. Here is a detailed approach to the application criteria. First, any company that is interested in the consideration of the award has to examine itself first. This self-evaluation should be in reference to the following viewpoints; the efficiency of the firm to implement TQM, elimination of unnecessary regulations, particular analytical observation of various product divisions, and the sufficient knowledge regarding statistical approach to problems. The applications are vetted using a scale of a hundred points. Establishment of the cut-off points is done with respect to the sessions involved. For instance, the Executive session will require a lower limit of 70 per cent while the Examined session will need a cut-off point of 50 per cent. On the other hand, the company

Online Auction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Online Auction - Essay Example Online auction and especially via the eBay entails one to watch the bids besides being prompt when responding to the buyers’ questions via the emails. Close watching by the seller especially on the bidding process may be extremely vital because one to increase buyers’ interests may decide to make adjustments on the uploaded images or information. Before closing, the seller can eliminate some of the buyers based on the mode of payments or those who emanating from the states one cannot ship the products to their destinations. The final step encompasses packing and shipment of the product to the intended buyer. This step is extremely sensitive because the seller ought to respond to the buyers’ questions with the necessary promptness besides settling eBay’s invoices. ii. It provides security not only to the buyers but also to sellers (Vassou, 2008). eBay acts as mediator especially in the cases of a problematic buyer who may intend to be mischievous during transaction processes (Vassou, 2008). ii. eBay is inflexible especially in terms of the payments, which both the transacting sides ought to accept or use. In most times, this prevents buyers from owning what they want and can afford (Hsieh,

Communication problem of an international student Essay

Communication problem of an international student - Essay Example I was away from home as well and I missed my family and friends. With all these problems already going on I ended up in a great deal of trouble again. The whole problem started when I was driving my friend to the airport. I dropped my friend off and was on my way back to the hostel. I was driving and had just reached the airport toll when I realized that a police car was coming behind me and it was signaling me to stop. I did not understand what was wrong though I did sense some great problem ahead. I pulled over and two policemen came out of the car. They came forward and started telling me that I had crossed the speed limit set for that road. They fined me and they started telling me other formalities. I was very confused because I had never ended in such a trouble before and also because I was having a communication problem with them due to my weak English. The policemen thought that I did not understand the seriousness of the issue and I was given the punishment of attending cour t the next day. I was very scared because this was the first time that I had been caught by police and on top of that I had actually ended myself in deep trouble and would have to attend court. The next day in court was as difficult as was the experience with the policemen. I was fined heavily and was asked to submit my apology. I complied with the court orders because I did not want anymore issues to arise. This experience was a very difficult one for me. I felt ashamed and guilty that I had not even realized.

Risk Assessment Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Risk Assessment Report - Assignment Example (2010). This assessment report discusses some of the risks and vulnerabilities associated with Transportation security Administration (TSA), the nature of the risks as well as their potential mitigations. One of the main risks that are currently facing TSA is the vulnerability of the organizations resource allocation process. This is particularly because TSA an agency has not been providing proper documentation that indicates how they develop their budget justifications based on risk analysis to justify or prioritize activities. For example, although the current assessment activities at TSA have independently addressed various individual risk components such as vulnerabilities and threats, they have failed to combine the main components of risk and develop a readable risk assessment as always required by the NIPP. Generally NIPP requires that credible risk assessments in organizations should not only be documented but must also include the three main components of risks so that they can effectively be used to support the processes of resource prioritization, planning and risk assessment at the national level. Another potential risk facing Transportation security administration (TSA) is the insider activities that may compromise the security of the agency’s sensitive information and data. This is attributed to the fact the TSA often depends on sensitive information regarding transport and security to meet some of its objectives. As an organization charged with the duty of providing effective and efficient security for passengers and freight transportation, TSA has its own predicament concerning goods and passengers security. Unsecured website has been a damning discovery on the company as clients personal information is exposed to identity theft. In December 2009, an employee working with the TSA posted a sensitive manual titled screening management SOP on confidential airport showing plan to a URL on the FedBizOpps website. This manual was first exposed but taken down though the breach raised eyebrows with questions arising on the security practices being compromised. Five TSA employees were thus placed on forced leave over the scandal. According to many analysts, another critical risk that of the organization faces is risk of destruction of its infrastructure and air craft hijacking. Destruction of the airline and rail infrastructure is a risk as such distraction from by vandalizes and terrorists can result to major loss and paralyze the whole transport sector. Hijacking of either highway motorists or aircraft on the other hand by terrorists or other criminals poses a major risk. This does only result to the loss of life but also a major economic loss. Another risk is that of highway hijackings as well as threat to security of the public (Hutto, 2009). Generally such risks often involves outcome of a given cause that has a likelihood of resulting to destruction. Transportation Security Administration is one of such agency that is charged with the responsibility of ensuring security of the travelling public. By virtue of its operations is likely to be affected negatively by any risk.

Accountancy is not a profession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Accountancy is not a profession - Essay Example In the period between 1933 and 1934, there occurred tremendous growth in the financial markets and their structure and level of organization improved considerably. That growth can be attributed to the audited financial data’s reliability to a considerable extent (Antle and Suner, 2007). However, over the last decade, a wave of scandals has shaken the structure of accountancy as a profession. The debate surrounding the professional status of accountancy can be traced back to the early 20th century. The supreme court of one of the states in the early 20th century referred to accountancy as a â€Å"business† that did not benefited the public like the â€Å"profession of law†, and further said that the laws of accountancy â€Å"have been passed in the interest of those engaged in the business and for their protection and advantage rather than in the interest of the public welfare† (Turnburee, 1946, p. 47). Profession has been defined as â€Å"a calling, occup ation, or vocation distinguished from a trade or handicraft† (Webster cited in Turnburee, 1946, p. 47). On the other hand, accountancy has been defined as â€Å"the art as well as the science of recording, classifying, summarizing of business transactions in terms of money within an accounting or financial year, with the help of principles and techniques† (Banerjee, 2010, p. 4). ... Formation of such organizations has increased the demand of clarification of the rules. When the accountants get any pressure from the management or are sued, they tend to approach the rule-making organizations and express their concern over lack of clarification of rules in particular cases. Rules are always secondary to professional judgment. â€Å"In the big picture, this shift in emphasis from judgment to rules has damaged their professionalism. No profession can rely on rules as the main basis for its work† (Sunder cited in Antle and Sunder, 2007). The professional status of accountancy has also been challenged by many accountants. For example, the accountant David Logan at the IRIS World Event arranged at Twickenham warned the fellows that accountancy is increasingly becoming a trade rather than a profession; â€Å"I used to have seven audits, but I could do 95% of my business without being registered. We’re competing with anybody who can set up as a bookkeeper. If someone is made redundant and sets up on their own, you can’t compete with that† (Logan cited in Stokdyk, 2012). The recent changes made to the audit exemption criteria have made things even worse as the firms have started to do the works of accountancy without an accountant. These days, many large companies do such works as filing the accounts and bookkeeping without the help of accountants and still no objections are raised by the government (Stokdyk, 2012). Although the government provides business with the relaxation of red tape, yet the accountants are facing restrictions from various avenues for making income. Another accountant Paul Scholes encouraged

SWOT analysis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

SWOT analysis - Case Study Example There are numerous opportunities in existence for the hotel and the new owners. New trends in the hospitality industry are emerging. While these are becoming popular the old ones do not get obsolete. The opportunity for the hotel here is to integrate new ideas into the original one of boutique hotel. The owners of the hotel should make maximum use of these available opportunities when it starts operating to capture the market before new entrants take over. Threats to this takeover come from several places around the business. With the hotel having been previously operational, the new owners need to be aware of existing competition rivalry already in existence. This rivalry comes from the hotels which have been competing with the Good for business within the city. The other threat comes from within the company. The brand reputation which the hotel has created over the years comes as a threat if the company decides to discontinue the concept of the hotel. This posses a great threat as all existing clients may leave if the concept of the hotel changes

Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol Essay

Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol - Essay Example It is also widely supported that, the use of sheltered instructions is very effective where the language used is a secondary language. Learners will be able to relate the display and presented concepts to the image and graphics shown and also relate it to terms in there first language. Each student will be conveyed the same message in varied form. Moreover, SIOP should be made adaptable to classes and topics where learners will be able to easily make relevant association to real life concepts. However, Freeman & Freeman (1998) indicate a number of shortcomings with SI: teachers often sacrifice academic content to meet the language needs of their students, teachers lack training in implementing sheltered instruction, students who do well in sheltered classes often flounder when mainstreamed, and students of differing ability levels are often relegated to the same sheltered class (pp. 39-40). It is to be understood that if the levels of the learners are varied that is a mixed ability class configuration the strategies should be hybrid in nature and SIOP may not be valid. Students will undeniably have varied levels though in the same class.

Curriculum Alignment Essay Example for Free

Curriculum Alignment Essay Curriculum development process are steps and processes where by educational contents are designed, learning activities are specified and evaluation methods are devised in schools. Pugach, M. C. (1996). These are broken down into various subjects that are taught in schools in different classes (grades). In line with this; students’ needs in learning are catered for and should be kept with international standards. The curriculum should be able to promote the learning development and assess the students’ performances. We all are aware that there is no particular effective teaching method but the following instructional methods for a teacher should be used. The teacher’s presentation skills, should explain to the students what is expected of them. In teaching, the teacher should not show distracting manners. The teacher should take instructional levels are into account. In creating a lesson plan for a class the teacher should provide an overview of the lesson, link the lesson to the past session and outline the main points of the lesson this can form an introduction of the lesson. The body of the lesson should be broken into various activities and the lesson should have a conclusion which should state the main points of the lesson and create a link to the next lesson. For example a lesson in problem solving can be taught in grade 3. The lesson outline will ask the student; to name and explain problems that occur in the classroom, in the school or in the family, explain how one makes a choice and accept responsibility and enumerate factors that one considers before making a decision. Also in development a curriculum, the teacher needs to consider the development level of students. Development relates to behavior, which means; the conduct of a student and how he/she relates to others in the social circles. In considering developmental level such as those of children in Kindergarten the curriculum will have to address and include social and emotional lessons in accordance with the child’s developmental level. Therefore, in designing the curriculum questions will be asked in relation on how the child relates internally and externally. There are many ways was that a kindergarten child can be taught pertaining development. For example, a Kindergarten class can have a lesson on drawing of pictures or the teacher can ask them to articulate themselves using dolls/ and puppets. This lesson will teach them creativity. In development of curriculum, special attention has to be taken in regard to special needs of students. Students with disabilities such as those with impaired eyesight need special attention. As opposed to traditional methods where segregating and arranging students based on their abilities was used, today, new ways have come up. In tackling the problem of visual impairments, according to Armstrong (1994), the teacher will be required to develop multi-level and have different instructional ways of teaching such students. For example to teach the visual impaired students, the teacher will have to design charts with specific colors, objects, and shapes to test the perception of the student. The teacher should also test the ability of the student to differentiate 26 alphabetical by teaching the visual impaired skills to identify visual elements of letters. This will be able to benefit the visual impaired. We find that schools are normally structured according to grade levels, and teachers teach using same materials without regard of students’ differences in terms of their levels of understanding and functioning. Cole, R. (1995). Thus, instead of developing a curriculum that is narrow and don’t address this issue, a curriculum which is all inclusive putting in mind students’ differences in terms of learning abilities should be developed. So, an effective curriculum should address these issues; it should ensure a teacher plans lessons for several levels, which test students’ ability at the each level. For 5th grade that have both accomplished and emerging readers, the curriculum should address the reading aspect in regard to various abilities in reading. When preparing a reading lesson in a class with various students a teacher should pay special attention on extensive experiences of the students. The teacher also should select various levels of difficulty in the selected reading lesson to cater for the different students’ ability. The lesson should provide slots for students to read a loud and the teacher should also read to students. The instructions methods of the teacher should also explain vocabularies used in the text and any other techniques used. For example, to assist the students understand what they have read the teacher can encourage them to have a group discussion. Another example of a lesson that can be taught in 5th grade, the teacher can teach use of prefixes e. g. , â€Å"Re† as used in â€Å"reproduce, review rename. † The lesson will can also include language competence in general, student’s ability to differentiate between which words are verbs and which are not, and how to segment and mix language sounds. I n addition informal lessons will be included. This will involve, reading aloud in class to allow the teacher to know mistakes in decoding, and be able to establish the student’s level of fluency and accuracy in reading. The main aim of any curriculum development is to ensure that, the student is able to achieve academic excellence Daniels, H (1998). This will enable the teacher to asses the student’s performance in major areas which are mathematics, reading abilities, and writing skills. Though, standardized tests may not reflect a true picture of the standards it gives a general picture of student performance. In assessing students’ ability in mathematics, which is a study of figures and how they relate and other computations, student’s capacity in arithmetic, and application have to be tested. So the curriculum should be able to asses the learner’s ability analyzing student’s class work, and teach the student on how to sum numbers and subtract them, and how a student can be able to tell an error in summation or subtraction. Further more, the students can be given tasks to perform and shown steps to follow in problem solving. Conclusion Curriculum development and design is very important as what the students is taught at school greatly affects him/her in his future career development. Therefore it must be careful planned and must have a holistic approach in order to address the various disparities of students in terms of physical, emotional and mental abilities. A curriculum needs to reflect the objectives of education and have proper assessments methods to evaluate the students understanding and development as he/she moves from one grade to another. References Armstrong, T. (1994): Multiple intelligences in the classroom. Alexandria, Virginia: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Cole, R. (Ed. ). (1995): Educating everybody’s children: Diverse teaching strategies for diverse learners. Alexandria, Virginia: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Daniels, H. and Bizar, M. (1998): Methods that matter: Six structures for best practice classrooms. York, Maine: Stenhouse Publishers. Orkwis, R. and McLane, K. (1998): A curriculum every student can use: Design principles for student access. Reston, Virginia: Council for Exceptional Children. Pugach, M. C. and Warger, C. L. (Eds. ) (1996): Curriculum trends, special education, and reform: Refocusing the conversation. New York: Teachers College Press. Tomlinson, C. (1999): The differentiated classroom: Responding to the needs of all learners. Alexandria, Virginia: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.

New Age Constructions Essay Example for Free

New Age Constructions Essay New Age is a building construction organisation based in Bangalore. The organisation, which was established in the year 2005, is relatively new in this sector. The activities of the organisation are limited to Bangalore. There are a number of well-established builders in Bangalore. Therefore, initially New Age found it difficult to obtain large projects and undertook only small building projects. However, recently, New Age has got a lucrative contract for building a large shopping mall. The organisation finds the contract to be a stepping stone of its future success. Therefore, it is striving to deliver the project on time and within the planned budget. The organisation has hired Mr. Sinha as the project manager. To carry out the assigned project, Mr. Sinha has emphasised on three principles of project management including the principle of project strategy, the principle of team building, and the principle of satisfaction. During the project, Mr. Sinha communicated the relevant project information to all the team members. However, he did not prioritise maintaining a thorough documentation of the entire project. Seven months into the project, Mr. Sinha faced some major issues. He was asked by the management of the organisation to provide a complete project report on a day-to-day basis. Moreover, it was also noticed that he used some extra human resource, which affected the project’s cost management as well. Mr. Sinha did not even consider the triple constraints of the project Questions: a. As a project manager of New Age, which knowledge areas and principles would you like to follow the most? b. Do you think considering the triple constraints would have helped Mr. Sinha? Justify your answer. a. Summarise the various knowledge areas and principles in brief you would follow as a project manager of New Age b. Give your opinion if triple constraints would have helped Mr. Sinha Provide justification for the opinion 2. Describe the five phases of a generic project lifecycle. (unit 1) [Describe each phase of a project lifecycle] 3. Write short notes on: Work breakdown structure Product line analysis Capital rationing Challenges in Social Cost Benefit Analysis (SCBA) [Work breakdown structure Product line analysis Capital rationing Challenges in Social Cost Benefit Analysis (SCBA)] 4. How would you classify the sources of financing infrastructure projects?[State the meaning of source of finance, Explain the external and  Domestic sources of finance available in the infrastructure financing List financing sources available for infrastructure projects in India in tabular format] 5. Discuss the different types of project termination. 6. How is a monitoring system designed? [Explain what is done in each step of the process of designing a monitoring system] PM0011 – PROJECT PLANNING AND SCHEDULING 1. Write short note on: Controlling PMO (Project Management Office ) Bottom-up approach for estimating project planning Consequences of project delays Partnering [Controlling PMO (Project Management Office ) Bottom-up approach for estimating project planning Consequences of project delays Partnering] 2. Explain various stages of project scope management. [Briefly describe each stage of scope management] 3. Write short notes on : Scope change Porter model used by organisations to identify investment opportunities Tools for Project Scheduling Operating Feasibility [Scope change Porter model used by organisations to identify investment opportunities Tools for Project Scheduling Operating Feasibility] 4. Explain the various tools of project planning. [Briefly mention the role of project planning tools in an organisation Explain various tools that are used in project Planning] 5. Explain the meaning of CPM. Mention various steps involved in CPM. [Write the meaning of CPM Explain various steps associated with CPM] 6. What do you understand by cost of quality? Elaborate on various types of quality costs associated with a project. PM 0012 – PROJECT FINANCE AND BUDGETING 1. Write short notes on: Lump sum contract Project Cost Profile Trade credit Types of project resources [Lump sum contract Project Cost Profile Trade credit Types of project resources 2. Discuss the financing of telecommunication projects. [Explain the financing of telecommunication projects and Discuss the factors needs to be considered while financing a telecommunication project.] 3. Do lenders, sponsors, EPC contractors, and the government require project insurance? Explain [Give your opinion is project insurance required by lenders, sponsors, EPC contractors, and the government Provide justification to your answer from perspective of lenders, sponsors, EPC contractors, and the government] 4. Write short notes on: Expected Monetary Value (EMV) Earned Value Analysis (EVA) Optimal capital structure Net Present Value(NPV method of capital budgeting [Expected Monetary Value (EMV) Earned Value Analysis (EVA) Optimal capital structure Net Present Value(NPV method of capital budgeting] 5. Explain the role played by engineering advisors in project finance. [Explanation of the nature of the role played by engineering advisors in project finance Summarization of the role played by engineering advisors according four phases of activities] 6. Define PPP (Public Private Partnership) and list the advantages and disadvantages of PPP . [Define PPP List advantages of PPP List disadvantages of PPP] PM 0013 – MANAGING HUMAN RESOURCES IN PROJECTS 1. Write short notes on: Human Resource Cycle Role of a project manager Productivity measurement method of manpower estimation Managing Conflicts in a project [Human Resource Cycle Role of a project manager Productivity measurement method of manpower estimation Managing Conflicts in a project] 2. What is the need for building a team during any project? [Define team building and its significance Discuss the various reasons for building a project team 3 Write short notes on Qualities of a project leader Dealing with Poor Performers in a Project Team Minority groups Health issues of project team members [Qualities of a project leader Dealing with Poor Performers in a Project Team Minority groups Health issues of project team members] 4. What are the major roles that motivation plays in handling project environment? [Explain how motivation plays a considerable role in the success and failure of a project Discuss the major roles of motivation in a project environment] 5. Explain various types of collective bargaining. [Explanation of four types of collective bargaining] 6. What is a Human Resource Information System(HRIS). [Define HRIS Very briefly Functions of HRIS List any two advantages of HRIS List any two disadvantages of HRIS]

A Review Of Woolworths Limited Commerce Essay

A Review Of Woolworths Limited Commerce Essay Woolworths Limited is one of the major Australian companies with extensive retail interest around Asia-pacific region. Largest food retailer in Australia, Largest retail firm in Australia and New Zealand and largest takeaway liquor retailer, hotel and poker machine operator in Australia. The Woolworths limited family is one of the huge employers in Pacific-Asia. With around 200,000 team members working in support offices, stores and distribution centres across Newzeland and Australia. Woolworths limited also continues to develop in buying and wholesaling offices in India and Asia. Retailing is most people focused business that makes recruiting, retaining intelligent employees and developing significant to their success. Through Woolworths limited policies, educate and development opportunities, reward and recognition programs, career opportunities and initiative to provide a balance and healthy work life, they target to keep doing the right things by their people and they keep on to recognise Woolworths limited as such a great place to work. Woolworths limited is an Equal Employment Opportunity employer. A diversity strategy has been certified and developed by the top management group, part of Woolworths ongoing commitment to diversity. In Woolworths limited, where all employees are treated with respect, dignity and courtesy, this is their target to provide a healthy work environment. They acknowledge that diversity adds significance in bringing dissimilar perspectives to work environment and in reflect the communities they serve. It helps business benefits as well. A diversity working community has been created comprising and Human Resource managers from all divisions. The purpose of the community is to, prioritise events to harness diversity within the company, make sure that recognising diversity owned by the business and managing accordingly. The gender at Woolworths, female constitutes 55% of the company workforce and proud of the progress the company made in the area of gender diversity, mainly in the top leadershi p role. 16.7% of leadership roles in company were held by women, for the financial year 2003-04 and 27% had increase in the year 2008-09. In facilitating womens career development and progression, Woolworths Limited focuses to create an environment that is appreciation and supportive of difference. Men and women offer various perspectives those provide undeniable business benefits and they try to remove the barriers that may restrict the women career progression. These include the structured networking opportunities and mentoring. Woolworths board members two are women out of nine, which represent 22% of the board. Peter chandler, a part time employee of Woolworths at Katherine in northern Territory, which is 320 kilometres from south Darwin, is among an expanding group of Indigenous Aussies who are become Woolworths employees. Peter has gained experience in almost all departments of the store, such as perishable, bakery and presently working as a night fill employee. Woolworths is such a great place to work, diverse backgrounds such as people with disability, should have the opportunity to be work with Woolworths, which job they are suited. Woolworths limited has a memo of understanding with disability works Australia (DWA) and when recruiting a disability candidate, Woolworths require the contractor to use service of the Disability work Australia. The contractor is the supported to wage system is used decide the employees wage. Woolworths sources the great majority of people for new vacant roles from their talent pool. In addition develop and promoting their own employees, Woolworths also recruiting talent from the local market. Where candidates are not available locally, they source them globally. This ensures Woolworths access fresh ideas but continue to join deep industry expertise and knowledge. Almost 54,000 people started work with Woolworths in the year 2008-09. Less than half of 1 % of those people was sourced worldwide. Usually, external recruitment focuses on specialist roles, frequently at their corporate support office in Norwest, Sydney, Woolworths always source the candidate through different channels to ensure they locate those nice suited to the role and organization. That includes recruitment agencies, online job boards, employee referral, career expos, industry magazines, word mouth and press advertising. Woolworths has a long-standing dedication to building internal ability. They consider this to be main driver of their capacity to perform, change and grow. Woolworths had retained more employees during the past year and turnover rates have decreased in seven of the Australian territories and states. During that period overall turn of the company decreased by 10% points. Turnover also decreased at top level, the rates falling from 8.6% to 6.5% with respect to 2008 to 2009. In the calendar 2008 year, company delighted to have retained all executive women, who were due to return from parental leave. To help they retain their diverse employee base, they offer a range of non-financial and financial worker benefits. Those are includes access to flexible work arrangements, a range of wellness programs, professional development options and paid maternity leave. To recognise as leader in sustainable retailing in Australian retailing sector is the Woolworths limiteds long-term goal. Such as, integrating sustainability and corporate responsibility into their day-to-day business practices is a high priority. Commitments, priorities, initiatives and targets to direct the industry towards this goal were recognised with the publication of doing right thing: sustainability strategy 2007-2015. In their five year strategic plans, all divisions are incorporated with their sustainability; required to take sustainability criteria and these into calculate in any major investment decisions. All responsibilities lie with board. The board oversees the effectiveness of their health and safety program through its people policy committee. To evaluate the implementation and effectiveness of the health and safety standards, vision, policy, strategy, governance and procedures across the group; Woolworths limited health and safety executive committee chaired by company Chief Executive Officer comprises divisional management and meets. Woolworths limited is a tough supporter of competition in retail business. Competition is not only helps to price low for consumers, but it also run the retailer to supply better services and products. The food retail sector in Pacific-Asia is highly competitive, and there are many retailers entre into the market and growth in the number of independent and specialist retailers. This is awareness that the Woolworths limited, the fresh food people, dominates the food retail business. But however according to Morgan supermarket Monitor (2007) and their research shows that 68% of consumers spending on fruit and vegetables takes place outside the Woolworths markets. Building in-house capacity is fundamental to their continued success and growth. To retain their talented people, Woolworths offer numerous professional and personal benefits, includes well being programs and flexible work arrangements. It is a core component of Woolworths limited, human Resources strategy to provide staff with opportunities for development and progression within the organization. Woolworths limited well known for their practices of promoting from within, with many staff spending their working time within the Woolworths family. Cross-cultural experience is highly valued and is characteristic shared by their senior management Group. Woolworths people are given great concern when new opportunities arise; giving them access to specialise and growth strengthen Woolworths limiteds internal skill and knowledge base. HR INNOVATIONS: Human Resources representatives determine whether any behaviour reported to them under this Policy constitutes Unacceptable Conduct and whether the matter requires investigation. Role of Group Human Resources Policy owner Group Human Resources manages the implementation of the Policy, including: requiring all employees to regularly complete online awareness training providing role-based training to EEO Contact Officers (in Australia only at this stage), who are a point of contact for staff regarding this Policy providing training on request to Human Resources representatives regarding their responsibilities

Influence of Sesame Oil on Arbutin Release

Influence of Sesame Oil on Arbutin Release The Influence of Sesame Oil Addition on The Arbutin Release and Penetration in Carbomer Gel Base (Observation on Inhibition of Enzym Tyrosinase Activity) Tristiana Erawati, Widji Soeratri, Noorma Rosita, Wida Rukmanajati, Hanifa Rahma Abstract Hydrophilic arbutin as lightening agent with log P value -1.35, make it difficult to permeate through the skin and reach its site of action. Sesame oil addition (3, 5, and 7% w/w) was expected to increase the arbutin release and penetrations. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of sesame oil addition on the arbutin release and penetrations in the Carbomer-940’s gel base. The release (flux) of arbutin, as initial process before penetration, formulation were studied using cellophane membrane and buffer phosphate pH 7.0 as media at 37Â ±0.5Â °C for six hours long. The penetration of arbutin was observation on inhibition of enzyme tyrosinase activity. Inhibition percent of tyrosinase by arbutin was determined in vitro by observing the absorbance value of dopachrome (an intermediate product of melanin formation) as a reaction product between enzyme tyrosinase and L-tyrosine as a substrate using spectrophotometer. Conclusion of this study was sesame oil addition 3 and 5% w/w decreased arbutin release, sesame oil addition 3, 5 and 7% w/w increased arbutin penetrations. Increasing of arbutin effectiveness more is caused by enhancer effect of sesame oil. Keyword: Arbutin, Carbomer-940, Penetration, Release, Sesame oil, Tyrosinase-inhibition Introduction: Arbutin widely used in cosmetic as lightening agent to inhibited enzyme tyrosinase activity in basal membrane of the skin. Tyrosinase was known as enzyme that involved in melanin formation.1, 2 Because of the hydrophilic of arbutin with log P value 1.35 make it difficult to penetrate through the skin. To increase the penetration enhancer can be add in the formula. Sesame oil as an oily enhancer has total protein (25%) and globulin (67.3%) its can increased penetration trough polar pathway by enlarge aqueous channel. Sesame oil also can use as healing effect from sunburn.3 It was known Sesame oil effective concentration as enhancer up to 10%.4 The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of sesame oil (3, 5, and 7% w/w) addition on the arbutin (3% w/w) penetrations in the Carbomer-940 gel base through the modified lipid membrane. It was observation on inhibition of enzyme tyrosinase activity. However sesame oil is a viscous fluid can increase the viscosity of base so that it feared inhibits the release of arbutin and decrease penetration. In this study determined arbutin release from the base using cellophane membrane and buffer phosphate pH 7.0 as media at 37Â ±0.5Â °C for six hours long. Materials and Methods Preparation of the arbutin gel as Lightening product The arbutin in Carbomer-940 gel base formulas as lightening product was shown in table 1. In this research Carbomer-940 gel base contained tri ethanol ammine (TEA) as alkalizing agent, propylene-glycol as humectants, methyl-parabene and propyl-paraben as preservative, Na-EDTA as chelating agent, butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) as anti-oxidant and Tween-80 as surfactant. Arbutin 3% w/w in Carbomer-940 gel base was used as control. Arbutin 3% w/w with sesame oil 3% w/w in Carbomer-940 gel base named as F1, Arbutin 3% w/w with sesame oil 5% w/w in Carbomer-940 gel base named as F2 and Arbutin 3% w/w with sesame oil 7% w/w in Carbomer-940 gel base named as F3. The Characteristics determination of the arbutin gel The Characteristics determination of arbutin gel included: Determination of gel pH Determination of the spreading-ability Determination of gel spreading-ability was performed using a pair of glass plate (20 X 20 cm). The gel preparation (1 gram) was put in the middle of the first glass plate that given the scale. Then put the second glass plate on the first glass plate and measured the diameter of gel spreading. After that put ballast on the second glass plate then measured the diameter spreading-ability of the gel. The weight of ballast that put on the second plate was increased until spreading-ability of the gel was constant. Determination of arbutin release: Determination of arbutin release from the bases was done by the dissolution tester Hanson Research SR-6 with paddle stirrer. Each cell diffusion fill with arbutin gel (Â ± 2 grams), in 500mL buffer phosphate pH 7.0, temperature 37Â ºC, agitation 100 rpm. Samples (5mL) were taken at 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300, 330, and 360 minutes, replace with 5mL buffer phosphate pH 7.0 to keep volume constant. The absorbance of arbutin in the sample measured by spectrophotometer. The arbutin release (flux) from the base obtained from the slope of the linear regression of the correlation curve between arbutin releases accumulations versus square root of time. The penetration evaluation arbutin gel (United Stated Pharmacopoeia, 2002) In vitro study for the penetration of the arbutin in Carbomer gel base was measured by the modification method of the penetration test USP XXV and British Pharmacopoeia, 2002 with diffusion apparatus ERWEKA DT 700. The in vitro study was evaluated as follows: The arbutin gel (around 3 grams) was put in the diffusion cell then covers with the Millipore membrane which was impregnated with isopropyl-myristate as modified lipid membrane. Then the preparation of arbutin gel in diffusion cell was put into the penetration chamber contain 500 ml of phosphate buffer pH 6.5 Â ± 0.05 at 37 Â ± 0.5Â ºC as diffusion medium, and then the paddle was stirred 100 rpm. The sample solution around 5 ml was collected at 360 minutes after it penetrated. Determination of enzyme tyrosinase activity L-tyrosine solution 0.5 ml added with 3.0 ml sample solution that collected from compartment receptor after 360 minutes penetrated through Millipore membrane which was impregnated with isopropyl-myristate. The mixture was oxygenized 5 minutes then added with 1.0 ml tyrosinase solution. After incubated for 10 minutes at 25Â ºC the mixture was inactivated with 0.5 ml TCA solution and then the absorption value measured at maximum wavelength of dophacrome.5 The evaluation of inhibition of enzyme tyrosinase activity The inhibition of enzyme tyrosinase activity was performed as inhibition percent, which found from calculation of absorption value per second enzymatic reaction with inhibitor, compared with absorption value per second enzymatic reaction without inhibitor, using the following equation6: Whereas: A = absorption value (A/second) at dophacrome ÃŽ » maximum with inhibitor B = absorption value (A/second) at dophacrome ÃŽ » maximum without inhibitor The data (inhibition %) were analyzed with ANOVA one way method (p. Results and Discussion The result of this study, in table 2 shows that the pH of all formulas around 6 it mean appropriate with skin pH. The spreading profile of arbutin gel preparation shows in Figure 1 and spreading-capasity of arbutin gels at 20 gram ballast shows in table 3. Spreading-capacity was formulas spreading-diameter at same ballast weight. The result of ANOVA one way test of spreading-capacity found the value of Fcalculation (13.741) > Ftable (4.07). Its can conclude there were significant deference minimal one pair of spreading-capacity formulas data. To know which spreading-capacity formulas was significant deference it’s tested by Honestly Significant Deference (HSD) tests. The result of HSD test in table 4, that can concluded the spreading-capacity of formula 1 did not deference with control but higher than formula 2 and 3. Spreading-ability was the slope of linier-regression between spreading-diameter (cm) and ballast weight (gram), its shows in table 5. The slope value from its formulas was tested by ANOVA one way method, it’s found that the value of Fcalculation (0.274) table (4.07). So that can conclude it’s was no significant deference between spreading-ability of all formulas. Table1. Formulas of lightening product Arbutin release (flux) was calculated from the linier regression of the correlation curve between square root of time versus arbutin release accumulation. Slope (flux) of linier regression showed in table 6. To make sure if there is any difference of arbutin flux between formulas was done by statistical testing using ANOVA one way. It is showed that Fcalculation (50,918) > Ftable (4.07). From HSD result know that flux formula 1 and 2 not statistically different, but if compare with control and formula 3 were decrease. This might be caused by interaction between arbutin, sesame oil, and Tween. Tween is anionic surfactant which is amphiphil, it have affinity towards polar or non polar substance, such as arbutin and sesame oil. This interaction makes arbutin more difficult to release from bases. Another factor that may influence was viscosity from formula 1 and 2 which is more viscous than control, it cause arbutin molecules difficult release from bases also. The increase of viscosity m ay inhibit the movement of molecules to release from bases.7 Flux value of formula 3 not statistically different with control but higher than formula 1 and 2. It might be caused by addition of sesame oil reduce amount of water from formula. Decrease amount of water caused increase of arbutin concentration on water phase. Substance release from bases is known as diffusion. Based on Fick’s law, diffusion is the process by which molecules moved from compartment with high concentration to low concentration. The arbutin effectiveness as lightening agent calculated as inhibition percent (%) of enzyme tyrosinase activity. The result of arbutin inhibition percent (%) with enhancer sesame oil in Carbomer gels shows in table 7. Table 2: The arbutin gel pH values Figure 1: The spreading profile of arbutin gel with various concentration of sesame oil. Each value represents the mean of 3 determinations. Tabel 3: Spreading-capasity of arbutin gels at 20 gram ballast * The result were obtained from an average of 3 times replication Table 4: HSD test result of spreading- capacity value of arbutin gels Tabel 5: Arbutin gels spreading-ability * The result were obtained from an average of 3 times replication Tabel 6. Flux of arbutin release from gel bases Table 7: The arbutin effectivity (inhibition %) in carbomer gel formulas The result of ANOVA one way test of the arbutin effectiveness in carbomer gel formulas found the value of Fcalculation (23,582) > Ftable (4.07), and from the HSD test result was found inhibition percent of control Table 8: The HSD test result of arbutin effectivity (inhibisi %) in carbomer gel formulas Conclusion: Conclusion of this study was sesame oil addition 3 and 5% w/w decreased arbutin release, sesame oil addition 3, 5 and 7% w/w increased arbutin penetrations. Increasing of arbutin effectiveness more is caused by enhancer effect of sesame oil. Acknowledgement: This study was supported financially by Project Grant of Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Surabaya Indonesia. References: Takada, K. and Tanaka, Y., 2000. Depigmentation Agents. In: Elsner, P., Mailbach, H.I. (Eds.). Cosmeuticals and Active Cosmetics: Drugs Versus Cosmetics, New York: Marcell Dekker, Inc., p.512 Zulkarnain, I., 2003, Cosmetics Skin Lightening and The Problem in Periodic Dermatology and Venereology, Vol.15, No.1, April 2003, pp. 47-53. Alvarez, A., and Rodriguez, M., 2000. Lipid in Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Preparation, Vol.51 Fasc 1-2. Sevilla: Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevila. Dinda, S.C., and Ratna, Vijay. 2008. Enhancement of Skin Permeation of Ibuprofen from Ointments and Gels by Sesame Oil, Sunflower Oil, and Oleic Acid. Available: http://www.ijpsonline.com Avanti, C., 2003. Uji Spektrofotometrik Kinetika Hambatan Kojic Acid terhadap Aktivitas MushroomTyrosinase. Berkala Ilmu Penyakit Kulit dan Kelamin. Vol. 15 No. 1 Agustus 3 hal. 23-27 Luanratana, O., Gritsadapong, P., 2005. Anti-Tyrosinase Activities of The extracts from Thai Mulberry Twigs and The Whitening Cream. Journal ot the National Research Council of Thailand. Vol.37, No.2. 2005. Martin, A., et al, 1993. Physical Pharmacy, Physical Chemical Principles in the Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3rd Ed, Lea Febiger

Essay --

What do we need to do to be closer to God? I find myself asking this on a somewhat daily basis. The book of Proverbs three describes several ways in which we can become closer to God and gain spiritual wisdom. In Proverbs three, there are thirty-five verses that can be analyzed in depth and discussed thoroughly; I however, will only be discussing the first twelve. Proverbs 3:1 states â€Å"do not forget my teaching,† and â€Å"let your heart keep my commandments,† these are two very bold statements both firm commands from the script of Proverbs himself. Jamieson-Fausset-Brown states, â€Å"law and commandments—all divine instructions / let thine heart keep—or sincerely observe† (Jamieson-Fausset-Brown, www.biblehub.com, par. 5). This implies that we should think of all the divine teachings in our daily lives and sincerely observe God’s instruction. In Proverbs 3:2 the ESV’s wording was a bit peculiar so I went to the NIV and it articulated it rather well for me. The ESV said, â€Å"for length of days and years of life and peace they will add to you.† but the NIV said, â€Å"for they will prolong your life many years and bring you peace and prosperity.† The NIV introduced a more straightforward interpretation of the verse and made it easy to understand that if we recall what God ha s taught us, we will live long and prosperous lives. The significance of Proverbs 3:3 is very unequivocal, the NIV states â€Å"let love and faithfulness never leave you; bind them around your neck, write them on the tablet of your heart.† Clarke’s commentary states that, â€Å"Let not mercy and truth forsake thee - Let these be thy constant companions through life. / Bind them about thy neck - Keep them constantly in view. Write them upon the table of thine heart - let them be thy movin... ...m, par. 2). This is personally one of my favorite verses in the Bible because of the everlasting comfort it provides. Even though sometimes things don’t work out in our favor, God still loves us and always will because we are his children. Though there are 35 verses in the Book of Proverbs, the first 12 have always captured my interest because of the requests the script of the book makes of the people. If I did not know God, why would I want to tithe? I would not, because I would not recognize the benefits. If I did not know God, why would I leave my future in the hands of someone else? I would not, because I do not recognize the benefits. I think if every person were to read, even listen to, Proverbs 3:1-12, it might spark their interest in getting to know God better. My hope is for as many people as possible to find as much inspiration as I did in these verses.

Racism and Discrimination in America Essay -- Racism in the United Sta

While browsing through articles on the internet, I came across many related to the topic of racism. I am beginning to feel as if I am surrounded by stories of racism. From the KKK’s aggressive campaign against immigrants, to the police violence against black people in cites throughout our nation, racism and discrimination continue to be problems. One story stood out to me and continues to make me uncomfortable. Malachi Wilson, a five year-old boy, could not attend his first day of kindergarten in Seminole, Texas. What could he have done to warrant the principal’s rejection? His hair was simply too long. Navajo on his father’s side and Kiowa on his mother’s side, Malachi grows his hair for religious beliefs, as his mother explains that, â€Å"Native Americans consider hair sacred and spiritual† (Rickert). After Malachi’s mother, April Wilson explained this to Sherrie Warren, principal of F.J. Elementary School, Warren proceeded to request proof that Malachi was American Indian. While Wilson told Warren that her child was a member of the Navajo tribe, Warren did not budge. In response, April Wilson â€Å"called the Navajo Nation to assist in the documentation process,† and she also â€Å"called a member of the American Indian Movement, who called the school district’s superintendent† (Rickert). Later that day, Wilson received a call from the school assuring her that Malachi could attend school if she signs a form explaining why he wears his hair long, and thankfully, Malachi has since joined his peers in his kindergarten class. From this story, three main concepts stand out to me: ignorance and disrespect of others’ values, proving your identity, and the impact of discrimination. While the situation has been resolved, the fact that this e... ...es. As a Christian, I know that Native people are not the only people to have considered hair to be sacred. Just look at Samson in Judges 16:17: â€Å"‘No razor has ever been used on my head,’ he said, ‘because I have been a Nazirite dedicated to God from my mother’s womb. If my head were shaved, my strength would leave me, and I would become as weak as any other man.’†. Something as seemingly simple as hair can be much more complex when we take the time to think about another person’s perspective, history, values, culture, and feelings. The interaction in Seminole, Texas wasn’t just about a haircut. Work Cited Rickert, Levi. (August 27, 2014). Five-year-old Navajo Boy Denied Admission on First Day of School Because His Hair is Too Long. Retrieved from http://nativenewsonline.net/currents/five-year-old-navajo-boy-denied-admission-first-day-school-hair-long/.